Which description matches tardive dyskinesia?

• A. Involuntary Movements of the Facial Muscles, Tongue, and Limbs, Protrusion of Tongue, Smacking Lips
• B. Fluctuating Mood with Elevated Mania
• C. Auditory Hallucinations and Delusions
• D. Seizure-Like Episodes Triggered by Flashing Lights

Answer: (A)

Tardive dyskinesia presents as involuntary, repetitive movements that most commonly involve the face, mouth, tongue, and sometimes the limbs. The description of involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs, including tongue protrusion and lip smacking, is classic for this condition. It typically arises after long-term use of dopamine D2–blocking medications (such as many typical antipsychotics and some antiemetics); the movements can be persistent and may persist even after stopping the offending drug. This contrasts with symptoms of mania (fluctuating mood with elevated energy), psychosis (auditory hallucinations and delusions), or seizure-like episodes triggered by sensory triggers, none of which describe the characteristic, choreiform/oral-facial movements of tardive dyskinesia.